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Endocytosis |
Endocytosis
is the process by which small particle, molecules and liquids are taken
into cells. This for the most part accomplished by
receptor-mediated endocytosis involving clathrin coated pits and
vesicles. A huge number of proteins have been implicated in this
multi-step process (Table 1), large amongst them being actin (Ayscough
2000; Lamaze
et al, 1997;
Schafer 2002), and
microtubules (Maples
et al, 1997).
|
| Protein |
Function |
References |
| Abp1p |
|
Kessels et al,
2001 |
| Arp2/3 |
|
|
| Cortactin |
|
|
| Dynamin |
A motor protein
whose function seems to be to close membranes by a GTP dependent pinch
mechanism. |
|
| Epsins |
Actin filament
bundling proteins that bind clatherin |
Wendland
et al, 1999 |
| Hip1 |
|
Engqvist-Goldstein
et al, 2001;
Metzler et
al, 2001 |
| Profilin |
|
|
| Pan1p |
|
Duncan et al,
2001 |
| Myosin |
|
|
| Myosin
VI |
A motor protein that
unlike other myosins moves toward the pointed end of
microfilaments. This orientation is expected to be consistent
with a requirement to move the vesicle away from the membrane after
scission. |
Buss et al,
2001 |
| Rho |
|
Ellis & Mellor,
2000 |
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
| Table
1 Proteins implicated in involvement in endocytosis |
|
| References
Duncan, M. C., Cope, M. J. T. V., Goode, B. L.,
Wendland, B. & Drubin, D. G. (2001) Yeast Eps15-like endocytic
protein, Pan1p, activates the Arp2/3 complex., Nature Cell Biol. 3,
687-690.
Ellis, S. & Mellor, H. (2000) Regulation of
endocytic traffic by Rho family GTPases., Trends Cell Biology. 10,
85-88.
Gaidarov, I., Santini, F., Warren, R. A. &
Keen, J. H. (1999) Spatial control of coated-pit dynamics in living
cells, Nature Cell Biol. 1, 1-7.
Dharmawardhane, S., Sanders, L. C., Martin, S.
S., Daniels, R. H. & Bokoch, G. M. (1997) Localization of
p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) to pinocytic vesicles and cortical actin
structures instimulated cells, J.Cell Biol. 138, 1265-1278.
Maples, C. J., Ruiz, W. G. & Apodaca, G.
(1997) Both microtubules and actin filaments are required for efficient
post endocytic traffic of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in
polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, J.Biol.Chem. 272,
6741-6751.
Lamaze, C., Fujimoto, L. M., Yin, H.
L. & Schmid, S. L. (1997) The actin cytoskeleton is required for
receptor-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells., J.Biol.Chem. 272,
20332-20335.
Lowry, M. B., Duchemin, A.-M., Robinson, J. M.
& Anderson, C. L. (1998) Functional separation of pseudopod
extension and particle internalization during Fc g
receptor-mediated phagocytosis, J.Exp.Med. 187, 161-176.
Engqvist-Goldstein, A. E. Y., Warren, R. A.,
Kessels, M. M., Keen, J. H., Heuser, J. & Drubin, D. G. (2001) The
actin-binding protein Hip1R associates with clathrin during early stages
of endocytosis and promotes clathrin assembly in vitro., J.Cell
Biol. 154, 1209-1223.
Li, G., D'Souza-Schorey, C., Barbieri, M. A.,
Cooper, J. A. & Stahl, P. D. (1997) Uncoupling of membrane ruffling
and pinocytosis during Ras signal transduction, J.Biol.Chem. 272,
10337-10340.
Metzler, M., Legendre-Guillemin, V., Gan, L.,
Chopra, V., Kwok, A., McPherson, P. S. & Hayden, M. R. (2001) HIP1
functions in clathrin-mediated endocytosis through binding to clathrin
and adaptor protein 2., J.Biol.Chem. 276, 39271-39276.
Buss, F., Arden, S. D., Lindsay, M., Luzio, J.
P. & Kendrick-Jones, J. (2001) Myosin VI isoform localized to
clathrin-coated vesicles with a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis., EMBO
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Grewal, T., Heeren, J., Mewawala, D.,
Schnitgerhans, T., Wendt, D., Salomon, G., Enrich, C., Beisiegel, U.
& Jackle, S. (2000) Annexin VI stimulates endocytosis and is
involved in the trafficking of low density lipoprotein to the
prelysosomal compartment., J. Biol.Chem. 275, 33806-33813.
Wasiak, S., Quinn, C. C., Ritter, B., de Heuvel,
E., Baranes, D., Plomann, M. & McPherson, P. S. (2001) The Ras/Rac
guanine nucleoide exchange factor mammalian son-of sevenless interacts
with PACSIN 1/syndapin I, a regulator of endocytosis and the actin
cytoskeleton., J.Biol.Chem. 276, 26622-26628.
Kessels, M. M., Engqvist-Goldstein, A. E. Y.,
Drubin, D. G. & Qualmann, B. (2001) Mammalian Abp1, a
signal-responsive F-actin-binding protein, links the actin cytoskeleton
to endocytosis via the GTPase dynamin., J.Cell Biol. 153,
351-366.
Ayscough, K. R. (2000) Endocytosis and the
development of cell polarity in yeast require a dynamic F-actin
cytoskeleton., Curr.Biol. 10, 1587-1590.
Konzok, A., Weber, I., Simmeth, E., Hacker, U.,
Maniak, M. & Muller-Taubenberger, A. (1999) DAip1, a Dictyostelium
homologue of the yeast actin-interacting protein 1, is involved in
endocytosis, cytokinesis, and motility., J.Cell Biol. 146,
453-464.
Dumontier, M., Hocht, P., Mintert, U. &
Faix, J. (2000) Rac1 GTPases control filopodia formation, cell motility,
endocytosis, cytokinesis and development in Dictyostelium., J.Cell
Sci. 113, 2253-2265.
Riezman, H., Woodman, P. G., van Meer, G. &
Marsh, M. (1997) Molecular mechanisms of endocytosis., Cell. 91,
731-738.
Wendland, B., Steece, K. E. & Emr, S. D.
(1999) Yeast epsins contain an essential N-terminal ENTH domain, bind
clathrin and are required for endocytosis., EMBO J. 18,
4383-4393.
Titus, M. A. (2000) The role of unconventional
myosins in Dictyostelium endocytosis., J.Eukaryot.Microbiol.
47, 191-196.
Yang, W. & Cerione, R. A. (1999)
Endocytosis: Is dynamin a 'blue collar" or "white collar'
worker?, Curr.Biol. 9, 511-514.
Mayer, B. J. (1999) Endocytosis: EH domains
lend a hand, Curr.Biol. 9, 70-73.
Robinson, M. S., Watts, C. & Zerial, M.
(1996) Membrane dynamics in endocytosis, Cell. 84, 13-21.
Schafer, D. A. (2002) Coupling actin
and membrane dynamics during endocytosis., Curr.Op.Cell Biol. 14,
76-81.
Moreau, V., Galan, J.-M., Devilliers, G.,
Haguenauer-Tsapsis, R. & Winsor, B. (1997) The yeast actin-related
protein Arp2p is required for the internalization step of endocytosis, Mol.Biol.Cell.
8, 1361-1375.
Davis, W., Harrison, P. T., Hutchinson, M. J.
& Allen, J. M. (1995) Two distinct regions of Fc gRI
initiate separate signalling pathways involved in endocytosis and
phagocytosis, EMBO J. 14, 432-441.
Buczynski, G., Grove, B., Nomura, A., Kleve,
M., Bush, J., Firtel, R. A. & Cardelli, J. (1997) Inactivation ot
two Dictyostelium discoideum genes, DdPIK1 and DdPIK2, encoding
proteins related to mammalian phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase, results in
defects in endocytosis, lysosome to postlysosome transport, and actin
polymerization, J.Cell Biol. 136, 1271-1286.
Bretscher, M. S. (1984) Endocytosis: Relation
to capping and cell locomotion, Science. 224, 681-686.
Bénédetti, H., Raths, S., Crausaz, F. &
Riezman, H. (1994) The END3 gene encodes a protein that is required for
the internalization step in endocytosis and for actin cytoskeletal
organization in yeast, Mol.Biol.Cell. 5, 1023-1037.
Tang, H.-Y., Munn, A. & Cai, M. (1997) EH
domain proteins Pan1p and END3p are components of a complex that plays a
dual role in organization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton and
endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol.Cell Biol. 17,
4294-4304.
Kübler, E. & Riezman, H. (1993) Actin and
finbrin are required for the internalization step of endocytosis in
yeast, EMBO J. 12, 2855-2862. |
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